3/27/2023 0 Comments Transmission based precautions![]() ![]() ![]() 1, 8 Standard Precautions apply to contact with blood all body fluids, secretions and excretions (except sweat), regardless of whether they contain blood nonintact skin and mucous membranes. Standard Precautions combined and expanded the elements of Universal Precautions and BSI into a standard of care designed to protect HCP and patients from pathogens that can be spread by blood or any other body fluid, excretion or secretion ( Table 1 CDC expanded the concept of Universal Precautions in 1996 and began using the term “Standard Precautions,” which was introduced in the Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals. difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococci) and airborne transmission of infections across long distances by floating droplet nuclei. Also, it was becoming necessary to address droplet transmission and emerging multidrug–resistant organisms (MDROs) such as Clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococci direct or indirect contact transmission of some infectious microorganisms from dry skin or environmental sources (for example, C. 6 Although these guidelines were accepted, there was some confusion regarding which body fluids or substances required HCP to use precautions under Universal Precautions and BSI. These guidelines concentrate on isolating all moist and potentially infectious body substances (blood, feces, urine, sputum, saliva, wound drainage and other body fluids) primarily by wearing gloves. Therefore, infection control personnel at the Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, and the University of San Diego introduced Body Substance Isolation (BSI) guidelines in 1987. Many fluids, secretions and excretions from patients not covered under Universal Precautions are colonized with organisms (that often are resistant to antimicrobial therapy) before any symptoms of illness become apparent, and they are potential sources of hospital- and community-acquired infections. 3, 4 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) based its blood-borne pathogens standard on the concept of Universal Precautions. They eventually became known as Universal Precautions and were designed to prevent transmission of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other blood-borne diseases. 2 Infection control precautions were introduced largely because of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic and were updated and revised across the years. In this article, I review Standard Precautions, including the new elements applicable to dentistry, and the importance and relevance of Transmission-Based Precautions in dental settings.īecause patients with blood-borne infections can be asymptomatic or unaware that they are infected, in 1985 the Centers for Disease Control (now the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) introduced the concept that all blood and body fluids that might be contaminated with blood should be treated as infectious. Since the publication of the Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings-2003, 1 the CDC has published updated isolation guidelines, which have introduced new elements of Standard Precautions and provided more detailed information about Transmission-Based Precautions. ![]() ![]() Transmission-Based Precautions are designed to reduce the risk of airborne, droplet and contact transmission and always are used in addition to Standard Precautions. Standard Precautions also include three subsets of precautions, known as “Transmission-Based Precautions,” that are based on the routes of disease transmission for a smaller number of patients who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens. In 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) introduced Standard Precautions, which combined and expanded on the elements of Universal Precautions to create a standard of care designed to protect all health care personnel (HCP) from pathogens that can be spread by blood or any other body fluid, excretion or secretion. ![]()
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